Chapter
Three
Methodology
In this chapter we introduce the practical methodology that
followed in order to design and implement the proposed RFID Access control
system, also system construction components and circuit schematic is also
included.
followed in order to design and implement the proposed RFID Access control
system, also system construction components and circuit schematic is also
included.
Overview
The proposed RFID based control system design is based on
microcontroller control system which by using Arduino UNO that works with
ATMEGA328P microchip which is fully suitable for such applications, the RFID
module used is MFRC522 RFID module which is a reliable and compatible component
to work with Arduino's boards, for door control a 28BJY-48 stepper motor is
used that can be controlled in both directions and also number of steps and
speed can be controlled, the stepper motor is derived using ULN2003 high
voltage, high current Darlington array Integrated circuit. A 16x2 LCD display
is used as output component to show different situations of the system, also an
electric buzzer or a piezo transducer is used to generate system sounds and
alarming in different situations, a LED
is used as indicators also with different situations, and finally a push bottom
is used for admin to erase the EEPROM of the microcontroller, the implementation
also uses some wires, jumpers, and breadboards for testing the functionality of
the system. the system block diagram in figure(3-1) below shows the system
components that used in design and implementation of the proposed RFID access
control system.
microcontroller control system which by using Arduino UNO that works with
ATMEGA328P microchip which is fully suitable for such applications, the RFID
module used is MFRC522 RFID module which is a reliable and compatible component
to work with Arduino's boards, for door control a 28BJY-48 stepper motor is
used that can be controlled in both directions and also number of steps and
speed can be controlled, the stepper motor is derived using ULN2003 high
voltage, high current Darlington array Integrated circuit. A 16x2 LCD display
is used as output component to show different situations of the system, also an
electric buzzer or a piezo transducer is used to generate system sounds and
alarming in different situations, a LED
is used as indicators also with different situations, and finally a push bottom
is used for admin to erase the EEPROM of the microcontroller, the implementation
also uses some wires, jumpers, and breadboards for testing the functionality of
the system. the system block diagram in figure(3-1) below shows the system
components that used in design and implementation of the proposed RFID access
control system.
Figure(3-1): RFID System block diagram
System components
The
actual system components used in the implementation as follow:
actual system components used in the implementation as follow:
Ø Arduino UNO board with ATMEGA328P microcontroller.
Ø MFRC522 RFID Module with tags.
Ø 28BJY-48 stepper motor.
Ø ULN2003 stepper driver Module.
Ø 16x2 LCD display.
Ø 1xBuzzer.
Ø 1xLED.
Ø 1xPush button.
Ø 10kΩ variable resistor & 330Ω resistor.
Arduino UNO
board
The Arduino Uno is one of the most common and widely used Arduino
processor boards. There are a wide
variety of shields (plug in boards adding functionality).
processor boards. There are a wide
variety of shields (plug in boards adding functionality).
Figure(3-2): Arduino UNO board
The board can be powered from the USB connector (usually up to 500ma
for all electronics including shield), or from the2.1mm barrel jack using a
separate power supply when you cannot connect the board to the PC’s USB port.
the Arduino UNO has the following specifications:
for all electronics including shield), or from the2.1mm barrel jack using a
separate power supply when you cannot connect the board to the PC’s USB port.
the Arduino UNO has the following specifications:
Ø Microcontroller: ATmega328
Ø Operating Voltage: 5V
Ø Uno Board Recommended Input Voltage: 7 – 12 V
Ø Uno Board Input Voltage Limits:
6 – 20 V
6 – 20 V
Ø Digital I/O Pins: 14 total –
6 of which can be PWM
6 of which can be PWM
Ø Analog Input Pins: 6
Ø Maximum DC Current per I/O pin at 5VDC: 40ma
Ø Maximum DC Current per I/I pinat 3.3 VDC: 50ma
Ø Flash Memory: 32KB (0.5KB
used by bootloader)
used by bootloader)
Ø SRAM Memory: 2KB
Ø EEPROM: 1KB
Ø Clock Speed: 16 MHz
The main processor on Arduino UNO is ATMEL ATMEGA328 microcontroller which includes the following
features:
features:
Ø Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
Ø One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture Mode
Capture Mode
Ø Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Ø Six PWM channels
Ø Six channel 10 bit ADC including temperature measurement
Ø Programmable Serial USART
Ø Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Ø Byte-oriented 2 wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
Ø Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
Ø On-chip Analog Comparator
MFRC522 RFID
Module
RFID means radio-frequency identification. RFID uses
electromagnetic fields to transfer data over short distances. RFID is useful to
identify people, to make transactions, etc…
electromagnetic fields to transfer data over short distances. RFID is useful to
identify people, to make transactions, etc…
RFID system can be used to open a door. For example, only the
person with the right information on his card is allowed to enter. An RFID
system uses:
person with the right information on his card is allowed to enter. An RFID
system uses:
Ø tags attached to the object to be identified, in figure (3-3) keychain
and an electromagnetic card. Each tag has his own identification (UID).
and an electromagnetic card. Each tag has his own identification (UID).
Figure(3-3): RFID tags
Ø two-way radio transmitter-receiver, the reader, that send
a signal to the tag and read its response as shown in figure (3-4).
a signal to the tag and read its response as shown in figure (3-4).
Figure(3-4): RFID Transceiver
MF RC522 is used in highly integrated 13.56MHz contactless
communication card chip to read and write, of NXP for “three” and the
application launched a low voltage, low cost, small size, non-contact card chip
to read and write, intelligent instruments and portable handheld devices
developed better.
communication card chip to read and write, of NXP for “three” and the
application launched a low voltage, low cost, small size, non-contact card chip
to read and write, intelligent instruments and portable handheld devices
developed better.
The MF RC522 use of advanced modulation and demodulation concept
completely integrated in the 13.56MHz all kinds of passive contactless
communication methods and protocols. 14443A compatible transponder signal. The
digital part handles the ISO14443A frames and error detection. In
addition,support Quick CRYPTO1 encryption algorithm, the term verification
MIFARE series. MFRC522 support MIFARE series of high-speed non-contact
communication, two-way data transfer rates up to 424kbit / s. As 13.56MHz
highly integrated card reader series chip new family, the MF RC522 MF RC500 MF
RC530 there are many similarities, but also have many of the characteristics
and differences. Communication between it and the host SPI mode, helps to
reduce the connection, reduce PCB board volume and reduce costs.
completely integrated in the 13.56MHz all kinds of passive contactless
communication methods and protocols. 14443A compatible transponder signal. The
digital part handles the ISO14443A frames and error detection. In
addition,support Quick CRYPTO1 encryption algorithm, the term verification
MIFARE series. MFRC522 support MIFARE series of high-speed non-contact
communication, two-way data transfer rates up to 424kbit / s. As 13.56MHz
highly integrated card reader series chip new family, the MF RC522 MF RC500 MF
RC530 there are many similarities, but also have many of the characteristics
and differences. Communication between it and the host SPI mode, helps to
reduce the connection, reduce PCB board volume and reduce costs.
MF522-AN module uses Philips MFRC522 original chip design circuit
card reader, easy to use, low cost, and suitable for equipment development, the
development of advanced applications reader users, the need for RF card
terminal design / production users. This module can be directly loaded into the
variety of reader molds. Module uses voltage of 3.3V, simple few lines through
the SPI interface directly with any user CPU board is connected to the
communication module can guarantee stable and reliable work, reader distance.
MF RC522 introduces the following specifications:
card reader, easy to use, low cost, and suitable for equipment development, the
development of advanced applications reader users, the need for RF card
terminal design / production users. This module can be directly loaded into the
variety of reader molds. Module uses voltage of 3.3V, simple few lines through
the SPI interface directly with any user CPU board is connected to the
communication module can guarantee stable and reliable work, reader distance.
MF RC522 introduces the following specifications:
Ø Working Current: 13—26mA/ DC 3.3V
Ø Standby Current: 10-13mA/DC 3.3V
Ø Sleeping Current: <80uA
Ø Peak Current: <30mA
Ø Working Frequency: 13.56MHz
Ø Card Reading Distance: 0~60mm(mifare1 card)
Ø Protocol: SPI
Ø Data Communication Speed: Maximum 10Mbit/s
Ø Card Types Supported: mifare1 S50, mifare1 S70, mifare UltraLight,
mifare Pro, mifare Desfire
mifare Pro, mifare Desfire
Ø Working Temperature: -20—80 degree
Ø Storage Temperature: -40—85 degree
Ø Humidity: relevant humidity 5%—95%
Ø Max SPI Speed: 10Mbit/s
Ø Dimensions: 40mm×60mm
Stepper
Motor
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts
electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a
stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command
pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has
several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the
applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation.
The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of
the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number
of input pulses applied. One of the most significant advantages of a stepper
motor is its ability to be accurately controlled in an open loop system. Open
loop control means no feedback information about position is needed. This type
of control eliminates the need for expensive sensing and feedback devices such
as optical encoders. the position is known simply by keeping track of the input
step pulses.
electrical pulses into discrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a
stepper motor rotates in discrete step increments when electrical command
pulses are applied to it in the proper sequence. The motors rotation has
several direct relationships to these applied input pulses. The sequence of the
applied pulses is directly related to the direction of motor shafts rotation.
The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the frequency of
the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to the number
of input pulses applied. One of the most significant advantages of a stepper
motor is its ability to be accurately controlled in an open loop system. Open
loop control means no feedback information about position is needed. This type
of control eliminates the need for expensive sensing and feedback devices such
as optical encoders. the position is known simply by keeping track of the input
step pulses.
Figure(3-6): Stepper motor
Features of
stepper motors:
stepper motors:
1)
The
rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
The
rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
2)
The
motor has full torque at standstill(if the windings are energized).
The
motor has full torque at standstill(if the windings are energized).
3)
Precise
positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an
accuracy of – 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to
the next.
Precise
positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an
accuracy of – 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to
the next.
4)
Excellent
response to starting/stopping/reversing.4.
Excellent
response to starting/stopping/reversing.4.
5)
Very
reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of
the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing.
Very
reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of
the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing.
6)
The
motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the
motor simpler and less costly to control.
The
motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the
motor simpler and less costly to control.
7)
It
is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that is
directly coupled to the shaft.
It
is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with a load that is
directly coupled to the shaft.
8)
A
wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to
the frequency of the input pulses.
A
wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to
the frequency of the input pulses.
28BYJ-48
Stepper motor specifications
Stepper motor specifications
Ø Rated voltage : 5VDC
Ø Number of Phase : 4
Ø Speed Variation Ratio : 1/64
Ø Stride Angle : 5.625° /64
Ø Frequency : 100Hz
Ø DC resistance : 50O±7%(25℃)
Ø Idle In-traction Frequency : > 600Hz
Ø Idle Out-traction Frequency : > 1000Hz
Ø In-traction Torque >34.3mN.m(120Hz)
Ø Self-positioning Torque >34.3mN.m
Ø Friction torque : 600-1200 gf.cm
Ø Pull in torque : 300 gf.cm
Ø Insulated resistance >10MO(500V)
Ø Insulated electricity power :600VAC/1mA/1s
Ø Insulation grade :A
Ø Rise in Temperature <40K(120Hz)
Ø Noise <35dB(120Hz,No load,10cm)
The bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it.
Unlike unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers have no common center connection.
They have two independent sets of coils instead. We can distinguish them from
unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between the wires. You should find
two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If you’ve got the leads of your meter
connected to two wires that are not connected (i.e. not attached to the same
coil), you should see infinite resistance (or no continuity).
Unlike unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers have no common center connection.
They have two independent sets of coils instead. We can distinguish them from
unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between the wires. You should find
two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If you’ve got the leads of your meter
connected to two wires that are not connected (i.e. not attached to the same
coil), you should see infinite resistance (or no continuity).
Figure(3-7): 28BYJ-48 Stepper motor pins
wiring
wiring
The simplest way of interfacing a unipolar stepper to Arduino is to
use a breakout for ULN2003A transistor array chip.
use a breakout for ULN2003A transistor array chip.
Table(3-1): Operating sequence of stepper
motor
motor
ULN2003
Stepper motor driver
The ULN2003A contains seven Darlington transistor drivers and is
somewhat like having seven TIP120 transistors all in one package. The ULN2003A
can pass up to 500 mA per channel and has an internal voltage drop of about 1V
when on. It also contains internal clamp diodes to dissipate voltage spikes
when driving inductive loads. To control the stepper, apply voltage to each of
the coils in a specific sequence.
somewhat like having seven TIP120 transistors all in one package. The ULN2003A
can pass up to 500 mA per channel and has an internal voltage drop of about 1V
when on. It also contains internal clamp diodes to dissipate voltage spikes
when driving inductive loads. To control the stepper, apply voltage to each of
the coils in a specific sequence.
Figure(3-8):
ULN2003 driver module
ULN2003 driver module
The driver board accepts a four bit command from any
microcontroller and in turn applies the necessary power pulse to step the
motor. At the heart of the driver is a ULN2003AN integrated circuit. The board
can supply between 5V to 12V to the motor from an independent power supply. It
also has a bank of LED’s that correspond to the input signals received from the
controller. They provide a nice visual when stepping. Some typical stepper
motor details:
microcontroller and in turn applies the necessary power pulse to step the
motor. At the heart of the driver is a ULN2003AN integrated circuit. The board
can supply between 5V to 12V to the motor from an independent power supply. It
also has a bank of LED’s that correspond to the input signals received from the
controller. They provide a nice visual when stepping. Some typical stepper
motor details:
Ø Model: 28KYJ-48
Ø Voltage: 5VDC
Ø Phase: 4
Ø Step Angle: 5.625° (1/64)
Ø Reduction ratio: 1/64
It takes 4096 steps to rotate the spindle 360°. It is impossible to
see a single step. When testing it pays to have something distinct on the
spindle to show it is turning. Physically connecting a microcontroller to the
driver board is straight forward. Pick a free GPIO pin on an expansion header
and run a wire from it to one of the input pins on the driver board. The driver
board requires power. Power supply has to be sufficient power to drive the
stepper motor. It is usually a good idea to use a separate power source to the
one that is driving the microcontroller. Having wired a GPIO pins to the driver
board we can test the interface. Set the GPIO pin high and the corresponding
LED on the driver board will illuminate. Set it low and the LED turns off.
see a single step. When testing it pays to have something distinct on the
spindle to show it is turning. Physically connecting a microcontroller to the
driver board is straight forward. Pick a free GPIO pin on an expansion header
and run a wire from it to one of the input pins on the driver board. The driver
board requires power. Power supply has to be sufficient power to drive the
stepper motor. It is usually a good idea to use a separate power source to the
one that is driving the microcontroller. Having wired a GPIO pins to the driver
board we can test the interface. Set the GPIO pin high and the corresponding
LED on the driver board will illuminate. Set it low and the LED turns off.
The motor steps when a specific combination of inputs are driven
from the microcontroller. This is just a
pulse of power, just enough to get the motor to step. This driver uses a very
simple protocol. Applying a signal to an input pin causes power to be sent to
the motor on a corresponding wire.
from the microcontroller. This is just a
pulse of power, just enough to get the motor to step. This driver uses a very
simple protocol. Applying a signal to an input pin causes power to be sent to
the motor on a corresponding wire.
Figure(3-9):
ULN2003 driver schematic
ULN2003 driver schematic
Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be
mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers
and beepers include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers
and beepers include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
Buzzer is an integrated structure of electronic transducers, DC
power supply, widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic
toys, automotive electronic equipment, telephones, timers and other electronic
products for sound devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated power can be directly
connected to a continuous sound, this section dedicated sensor expansion module
and the board in combination, can complete a simple circuit design, to
"plug and play."
power supply, widely used in computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic
toys, automotive electronic equipment, telephones, timers and other electronic
products for sound devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated power can be directly
connected to a continuous sound, this section dedicated sensor expansion module
and the board in combination, can complete a simple circuit design, to
"plug and play."
Figure(3-10):
Buzzer
Buzzer
The buzzer used here for generating sounds that indicates different
situations of the system as in alarming, which has the following features:
situations of the system as in alarming, which has the following features:
Ø Buzzer diameter 1.15" x 0.58" thick
Ø Base 1.89" long with two mounting holes 0.13" in diameter
Ø Connecting wires 4" long
Ø Strong plastic housing
Ø Clear and loud
Ø Strong plastic construction with distinct and clear sound. These
Buzzers are an essential electrical part for use in Physics electrical circuits
and Sound experiments and other general lab use.
Buzzers are an essential electrical part for use in Physics electrical circuits
and Sound experiments and other general lab use.
LED &
Push button
The Light Emitting Diode is a device that converts electric current
into optical energy which is used here as an indicator for different system
situations, a Push button is a mechanical device that switches between two
cases either LOW or HIGH which is used as input from admin to erase the EEPROM.
into optical energy which is used here as an indicator for different system
situations, a Push button is a mechanical device that switches between two
cases either LOW or HIGH which is used as input from admin to erase the EEPROM.
Figure(3-11):
Push button & LED
Push button & LED
EEPROM
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) offer users
excellent capabilities and performance.
A single power supply is required.
Write and erase operations are performed on a byte per byte basis. Figure
(3-12) shows a comparison table of different non-volatile memory cells.
excellent capabilities and performance.
A single power supply is required.
Write and erase operations are performed on a byte per byte basis. Figure
(3-12) shows a comparison table of different non-volatile memory cells.
Figure (3-12) comparison table of different non-volatile memory
cells.
cells.
The EEPROM cell is composed of two transistors. The storage transistor has a floating gate
(similar to the EPROM storage transistor) that will trap electrons. In addition, there is an access transistor,
which is required for the erase operation.
An EPROM cell is erased when
electrons are removed from the floating gate and that the EEPROM cell is erased
when the electrons are trapped in the floating cell. Figure (3-13) shows the
EEPROM cell schematic.
(similar to the EPROM storage transistor) that will trap electrons. In addition, there is an access transistor,
which is required for the erase operation.
An EPROM cell is erased when
electrons are removed from the floating gate and that the EEPROM cell is erased
when the electrons are trapped in the floating cell. Figure (3-13) shows the
EEPROM cell schematic.
Figure (3-13): EEPROM cell
To have products
electrically compatible, the logic path of both types of product will give a
“1” for erase state and a “0” for a programmed state. Figure (3-14) shows the
voltages applied on the memory cell to program/erase a cell.
electrically compatible, the logic path of both types of product will give a
“1” for erase state and a “0” for a programmed state. Figure (3-14) shows the
voltages applied on the memory cell to program/erase a cell.
Figure (3-14): EEPROM Cell Program/Erase
Serial
Peripheral Interface (SPI)
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is an interface bus commonly used
to send data between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as shift
registers, sensors, and SD cards. It uses separate clock and data lines, along
with a select line to choose the device you wish to talk to.
to send data between microcontrollers and small peripherals such as shift
registers, sensors, and SD cards. It uses separate clock and data lines, along
with a select line to choose the device you wish to talk to.
In SPI, only one side generates the clock signal (usually called
CLK or SCK for Serial ClocK). The side that generates the clock is called the
“master”, and the other side is called the “slave”. There is always only one
master (which is almost always your microcontroller), but there can be multiple
slaves (more on this in a bit).
CLK or SCK for Serial ClocK). The side that generates the clock is called the
“master”, and the other side is called the “slave”. There is always only one
master (which is almost always your microcontroller), but there can be multiple
slaves (more on this in a bit).
When data is sent from the master to a slave, it’s sent on a data
line called MOSI, for “Master Out / Slave In”. If the slave needs to send a
response back to the master, the master will continue to generate a prearranged
number of clock cycles, and the slave will put the data onto a third data line
called MISO, for “Master In / Slave Out”.
line called MOSI, for “Master Out / Slave In”. If the slave needs to send a
response back to the master, the master will continue to generate a prearranged
number of clock cycles, and the slave will put the data onto a third data line
called MISO, for “Master In / Slave Out”.
Notice we said “prearranged” in the above description. Because the
master always generates the clock signal, it must know in advance when a slave
needs to return data and how much data will be returned. This is very different
than asynchronous serial, where random amounts of data can be sent in either
direction at any time. In practice this isn’t a problem, as SPI is generally
used to talk to sensors that have a very specific command structure. For
example, if you send the command for “read data” to a device, you know that the
device will always send you, for example, two bytes in return. (In cases where
you might want to return a variable amount of data, you could always return one
or two bytes specifying the length of the data and then have the master retrieves
the full amount).
master always generates the clock signal, it must know in advance when a slave
needs to return data and how much data will be returned. This is very different
than asynchronous serial, where random amounts of data can be sent in either
direction at any time. In practice this isn’t a problem, as SPI is generally
used to talk to sensors that have a very specific command structure. For
example, if you send the command for “read data” to a device, you know that the
device will always send you, for example, two bytes in return. (In cases where
you might want to return a variable amount of data, you could always return one
or two bytes specifying the length of the data and then have the master retrieves
the full amount).
Circuit Schematic
The system connection in breadboard and wiring schematic used is
shown in figure (3-16) below which show that RFID is connected to digital I/O
related to SPI interface in Pins 9,10,11,12,and 13. and the LCD uses six digital
I/O pins which are pins 2,3,4,5,6, and 7. the ULN2003 stepper driver is
connected to analog I/O A0,A1,A2, and A3. the LED and buzzer is connected to A4
and A5 pin, and the push button is
connected to digital pin 8.
shown in figure (3-16) below which show that RFID is connected to digital I/O
related to SPI interface in Pins 9,10,11,12,and 13. and the LCD uses six digital
I/O pins which are pins 2,3,4,5,6, and 7. the ULN2003 stepper driver is
connected to analog I/O A0,A1,A2, and A3. the LED and buzzer is connected to A4
and A5 pin, and the push button is
connected to digital pin 8.
Figure (3-16): RFID system circuit schematic
System Flow chart
The system first starts with check if there is previously saved
Admin card in the EEPRM, if yes the system will continue and perform testing
routine for LED, Buzzer, and stepper. and after test the system enters the
normal mode which enables scanning RFID tags or Admin can push the wipe button
to wipe the EEPROM, in normal mode scanning is performed normally if a tag ID
scanned is saved previously then Access is granted and the stepper motor will
turn on to open the door and turn back to close the door, if ID is not saved
then alarm will go ON and access is denied. in normal mode if Admin card is
detected then the system enters the programming mode which enables adding or
removing IDs from the EEPROM by scanning the tag if the tag ID is already saved
then it will be removed and if the tag is not registered before then it will be
added, admin can exit the programming mode by scanning the Admin card again and
the system will return to normal mode. if Admin press the push button it will
indicates that it has to be hold on for 10 seconds to confirm the erasing
routine and if button is released wiping
operation will be cancelled otherwise the Wipe operation will be performed. this
routine can be easly observed as in the flowchart in the following figure.
Admin card in the EEPRM, if yes the system will continue and perform testing
routine for LED, Buzzer, and stepper. and after test the system enters the
normal mode which enables scanning RFID tags or Admin can push the wipe button
to wipe the EEPROM, in normal mode scanning is performed normally if a tag ID
scanned is saved previously then Access is granted and the stepper motor will
turn on to open the door and turn back to close the door, if ID is not saved
then alarm will go ON and access is denied. in normal mode if Admin card is
detected then the system enters the programming mode which enables adding or
removing IDs from the EEPROM by scanning the tag if the tag ID is already saved
then it will be removed and if the tag is not registered before then it will be
added, admin can exit the programming mode by scanning the Admin card again and
the system will return to normal mode. if Admin press the push button it will
indicates that it has to be hold on for 10 seconds to confirm the erasing
routine and if button is released wiping
operation will be cancelled otherwise the Wipe operation will be performed. this
routine can be easly observed as in the flowchart in the following figure.
Figure (3-17): RFID system flowchart
Chapter Four
Results
& Discussion
figure (4-1) below shows the final implementation of the system in
prototyped circuit using breadboard and all components used.
prototyped circuit using breadboard and all components used.
Figure (4-1): RFID system prototype circuit
Figure (4-2): Opening message 1
Figure (4-3): Opening message 2
As mentioned before there are two main modes in the system
programming, first mode is the programming mode which includes two cases; first
when there are no admin card registered or when wiping routine is performed the
system will not start and show message in the screen as in figure (4-4) below.
programming, first mode is the programming mode which includes two cases; first
when there are no admin card registered or when wiping routine is performed the
system will not start and show message in the screen as in figure (4-4) below.
Figure (4-4): No Admin Card registered message
Then the system shows scanned UID of the RFIC as in (4-5) below.
Figure (4-5): Show scanned UID of Admin ID
And it confirms the Admin of the system as shown in figure (4-6).
Figure (4-6): Confirm scanned Admin UID
Then the system enter the testing routine to show all functionality
of the system as in figure (4-7), here the motor will turn in the clockwise
direction and counterclockwise direction the warning alarm and confirmation alarm
are produced using the buzzer and green LED.
of the system as in figure (4-7), here the motor will turn in the clockwise
direction and counterclockwise direction the warning alarm and confirmation alarm
are produced using the buzzer and green LED.
Figure (4-7): Confirm scanned Admin UID
The Wiping operation can be performed by pressing the push button
for 10 continuous seconds as shown below.
for 10 continuous seconds as shown below.
Figure (4-8): Wiping operation
then after pressing the wiping button for 10 seconds the admin UID
will be earased from EEPROM and system requires hard reset as shown below.
will be earased from EEPROM and system requires hard reset as shown below.
Figure (4-9): Reset message after wiping operation
figure (4-10) below shows normal mode where system scans for any
tags.
tags.
Figure (4-10): Normal Mode scanning for any RFID tags
If the scanned tag was not registered before by the admin then the
access will be denied as shown in LCD in figure below and warning alarm will be
generated with buzzer.
access will be denied as shown in LCD in figure below and warning alarm will be
generated with buzzer.
Figure (4-11): Access denied for unregistered UIDs
And IF the scanned UID is already registered before the Access will
be granted and showing welcome message in the LCD and the door motor will be
turned ON and Close back after some seconds as shown below.
be granted and showing welcome message in the LCD and the door motor will be
turned ON and Close back after some seconds as shown below.
Figure (4-12): Access granted for registered UIDs
And IF the scanned UID was the Admin UID then the system enters the
Programming mode and show Admin Welcome message and number of register UIDs as
shown below.
Programming mode and show Admin Welcome message and number of register UIDs as
shown below.
Figure (4-13): Admin UID Enters programming Mode
At programming mode the Admin can either add or remove UID by
scanned the tags, if the canned UID was previously registered or added the it
will be removed as shown below.
scanned the tags, if the canned UID was previously registered or added the it
will be removed as shown below.
Figure (4-14): Removing UID from EEPROM by admin
Or IF the scanned UID was not previously registered or added it
will be added to the EEPROM by scanning it twice and the card will be added as
shown below.
will be added to the EEPROM by scanning it twice and the card will be added as
shown below.
Figure (4-15): Adding UID from EEPROM by admin
And IF the scanned UID was the Admin card again then the system
will exit from Programming mode to normal mode as shown below.
will exit from Programming mode to normal mode as shown below.
Figure (4-16): Exiting from Programming Mode by admin
Chapter Five
Conclusion
In this project an RFID system based on Microcontrollers is
proposed and implemented, the system is developed using Arduino UNO
microcontroller board with RC522 RFID module the design was simple and
efficient to meet the objective of the project, a stepper motor derived with
ULN3003 is used to simulate door lock motor for opening and closing the door,
an alarm sounds and indications is performed for different cases is applied by
using a buzzer and LED. the system has two main users; Admin and normal user,
admin can Wipe the EEPROM and add or remove a UID by entering the programming
mode, a Normal user can check its tag and if the UID is registered before the
access is granted and door open and close again, or if the scanned tag was not
registered then the access will be denied and warning alarm will be generated
by the buzzer. the system was successfully designed and implemented using
Arduino IDE with C++ programming and all functions are tested correctly.
proposed and implemented, the system is developed using Arduino UNO
microcontroller board with RC522 RFID module the design was simple and
efficient to meet the objective of the project, a stepper motor derived with
ULN3003 is used to simulate door lock motor for opening and closing the door,
an alarm sounds and indications is performed for different cases is applied by
using a buzzer and LED. the system has two main users; Admin and normal user,
admin can Wipe the EEPROM and add or remove a UID by entering the programming
mode, a Normal user can check its tag and if the UID is registered before the
access is granted and door open and close again, or if the scanned tag was not
registered then the access will be denied and warning alarm will be generated
by the buzzer. the system was successfully designed and implemented using
Arduino IDE with C++ programming and all functions are tested correctly.
References
[1] Arduino
web site: http://www.arduino.cc/
web site: http://www.arduino.cc/
[2] Arduino
Uno overview and image source:
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno#.UxNpBk2YZuG
Uno overview and image source:
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno#.UxNpBk2YZuG
[3] AT
Mega 328 datasheet:
http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc8161.pdf
Mega 328 datasheet:
http://www.atmel.com/Images/doc8161.pdf
[4] MF RC522
RFID module datasheet https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/MFRC522.pdf
RFID module datasheet https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/data-sheet/MFRC522.pdf
[5] Stepper
motor and ULN2003 http://eeshop.unl.edu/pdf/Stepper+Driver.pdf
motor and ULN2003 http://eeshop.unl.edu/pdf/Stepper+Driver.pdf
[6] EEPROM
Technology http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/MEM96/SEC09.pdf
Technology http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/ice/cd/MEM96/SEC09.pdf
Appendix
C++ Code for Arduino
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <X113647Stepper.h>
#include <EEPROM.h>
// We are going to read and write PICC's UIDs from/to EEPROM
// We are going to read and write PICC's UIDs from/to EEPROM
#include <SPI.h>
// RC522 Module uses SPI protocol
// RC522 Module uses SPI protocol
#include <MFRC522.h>
// Library for Mifare RC522 Devices
// Library for Mifare RC522 Devices
#define ON HIGH
#define OFF LOW
static const int STEPS_PER_REVOLUTION = 64 * 32; // steps per revolution for stepper motor
int i = 0; // Counter for alarm
int val = LOW, pre_val = LOW; // Alarming variables
const int Buzz = A5;
const int greenLed = A4;
const int wipeB = 8;
// Button pin for WipeMode
// Button pin for WipeMode
bool programMode = false;
// initialize programming mode to false
// initialize programming mode to false
uint8_t successRead; //
Variable integer to keep if we have Successful Read from Reader
Variable integer to keep if we have Successful Read from Reader
byte stobuzzerCard[4];
// Stores an ID read from EEPROM
// Stores an ID read from EEPROM
byte readCard[4]; //
Stores scanned ID read from RFID Module
Stores scanned ID read from RFID Module
byte masterCard[4]; //
Stores master card's ID read from EEPROM
Stores master card's ID read from EEPROM
// Create MFRC522 Pins.
constexpr uint8_t RST_PIN = 9;
constexpr uint8_t SS_PIN = 10;
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2); // LCD Pins connection
Rs,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
Rs,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
X113647Stepper myStepper(STEPS_PER_REVOLUTION, A0, A1, A2, A3);
//stepper on pins A0 through A3
//stepper on pins A0 through A3
// Creat a set of new characters
byte smiley[8] = {0b00000, 0b00000, 0b01010, 0b00000, 0b00000,
0b10001, 0b01110, 0b00000};
0b10001, 0b01110, 0b00000};
byte armsUp[8] = {0b00100, 0b01010, 0b00100, 0b10101, 0b01110,
0b00100, 0b00100, 0b01010};
0b00100, 0b00100, 0b01010};
byte frownie[8] = {0b00000, 0b00000, 0b01010, 0b00000, 0b00000,
0b00000, 0b01110, 0b10001};
0b00000, 0b01110, 0b10001};
void setup() {
pinMode(Buzz, OUTPUT);//
Buzzer pin as Output
Buzzer pin as Output
pinMode(greenLed,
OUTPUT);// buzzer Led pin as Output
OUTPUT);// buzzer Led pin as Output
digitalWrite(Buzz, OFF);
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF);
OFF);
pinMode(wipeB, INPUT_PULLUP); // Enable pin's pull up resistor
myStepper.setSpeed(6.5);// set the speed in rpm
lcd.begin(16, 2); // initialize the lcd
lcd.createChar (0,
smiley); // load character to the LCD
smiley); // load character to the LCD
lcd.createChar (1, armsUp); // load character to the LCD
lcd.createChar (2,
frownie); // load character to the LCD
frownie); // load character to the LCD
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print(" Inter. SUDAN ");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
lcd.print (" University
S&T");
S&T");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("* RFID
Access *");
Access *");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
lcd.print ("Control
SystemX");
SystemX");
delay(2000);
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communications with PC
SPI.begin(); // MFRC522 Hardware uses SPI
protocol
protocol
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Initialize MFRC522 Hardware
//If you set Antenna
Gain to Max it will increase reading distance
Gain to Max it will increase reading distance
mfrc522.PCD_SetAntennaGain(mfrc522.RxGain_max);
Serial.println(F("RFID Access Control System")); // For debugging purposes
// ShowReaderDetails(); // Show details of PCD - MFRC522 Card Reader
details
details
//Wipe Code - If the
Button (wipeB) Pressed while setup run (powebuzzer on) it wipes EEPROM
Button (wipeB) Pressed while setup run (powebuzzer on) it wipes EEPROM
if (digitalRead(wipeB)
== LOW) { // when button pressed pin
should get low, button connected to ground
== LOW) { // when button pressed pin
should get low, button connected to ground
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Wiping
10 sec");
10 sec");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // buzzer Led stays on to inform user we are going to wipe
ON); // buzzer Led stays on to inform user we are going to wipe
Serial.println(F("Wipe Button Pressed"));
Serial.println(F("You have 10 seconds to Cancel"));
Serial.println(F("This will be remove all records and cannot be
undone"));
bool buttonState =
monitorWipeButton(10000); // Give user enough time to cancel operation
monitorWipeButton(10000); // Give user enough time to cancel operation
if (buttonState ==
true && digitalRead(wipeB) == LOW) {
// If button still be pressed, wipe EEPROM
true && digitalRead(wipeB) == LOW) {
// If button still be pressed, wipe EEPROM
Serial.println(F("Starting Wiping
EEPROM"));
EEPROM"));
for (uint16_t x = 0;
x < EEPROM.length(); x = x + 1) {
//Loop end of EEPROM address
x < EEPROM.length(); x = x + 1) {
//Loop end of EEPROM address
if (EEPROM.read(x)
== 0) { //If EEPROM address
0
== 0) { //If EEPROM address
0
// do nothing,
already clear, go to the next address in order to save time and reduce writes
to EEPROM
already clear, go to the next address in order to save time and reduce writes
to EEPROM
}
else {
EEPROM.write(x,
0); // if not write 0 to clear, it
takes 3.3mS
0); // if not write 0 to clear, it
takes 3.3mS
}
}
Serial.println(F("EEPROM Successfully Wiped"));
lcd.print("EEPROM
Wiped");
Wiped");
lcd.print(char(1));
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // visualize a successful wipe
OFF); // visualize a successful wipe
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON);
ON);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF);
OFF);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON);
ON);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF);
OFF);
}
else {
Serial.println(F("Wiping Cancelled")); // Show some feedback
that the wipe button did not pressed for 10 seconds
lcd.print("Wiping Cancelled.");
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF);
OFF);
delay(1000);
}
}
// Check if master card
defined, if not let user choose a master card
defined, if not let user choose a master card
// This also useful to
just redefine the Master Card
just redefine the Master Card
// You can keep other
EEPROM records just write other than 143 to EEPROM address 1
EEPROM records just write other than 143 to EEPROM address 1
// EEPROM address 1
should hold magical number which is '143'
should hold magical number which is '143'
if (EEPROM.read(1) !=
143) {
143) {
Serial.println(F("No Master Card Defined"));
Serial.println(F("Scan A PICC to Define as Master Card"));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("No Admin card");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
do {
successRead =
getID(); // sets successRead
to 1 when we get read from reader otherwise 0
getID(); // sets successRead
to 1 when we get read from reader otherwise 0
digitalWrite(greenLed, ON); //
Visualize Master Card need to be defined
delay(200);
digitalWrite(greenLed, OFF);
delay(200);
}
while
(!successRead); //
Program will not go further while you not get a successful read
(!successRead); //
Program will not go further while you not get a successful read
for ( uint8_t j = 0; j
< 4; j++ ) { // Loop 4 times
< 4; j++ ) { // Loop 4 times
EEPROM.write( 2 + j,
readCard[j] ); // Write scanned PICC's
UID to EEPROM, start from address 3
readCard[j] ); // Write scanned PICC's
UID to EEPROM, start from address 3
}
EEPROM.write(1,
143); // Write to EEPROM
we defined Master Card.
143); // Write to EEPROM
we defined Master Card.
Serial.println(F("Master Card Defined"));
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Admin
card OK");
card OK");
delay(1000);
}
Serial.println(F("-------------------"));
Serial.println(F("Master Card's UID"));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Admin
card UID:");
card UID:");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
for ( uint8_t i = 0; i
< 4; i++ ) { // Read Master
Card's UID from EEPROM
< 4; i++ ) { // Read Master
Card's UID from EEPROM
masterCard[i] =
EEPROM.read(2 + i); // Write it to
masterCard
EEPROM.read(2 + i); // Write it to
masterCard
Serial.print(masterCard[i], HEX);
lcd.print(masterCard[i], HEX);
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println(F("-------------------"));
Serial.println(F("Everything is ready"));
Serial.println(F("Waiting PICCs to be scanned"));
cycling();
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("System
is Ready");
is Ready");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
testing123();
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
do {
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("*Scan
or Wipe");
or Wipe");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
);
);
successRead =
getID(); // sets successRead to 1 when
we get read from reader otherwise 0
getID(); // sets successRead to 1 when
we get read from reader otherwise 0
// When device is in
use if wipe button pressed for 10 seconds initialize Master Card wiping
use if wipe button pressed for 10 seconds initialize Master Card wiping
if (digitalRead(wipeB)
== LOW) { // Check if button is pressed
== LOW) { // Check if button is pressed
// Visualize normal
operation is iterrupted by pressing wipe button buzzer is like more Warning to user
operation is iterrupted by pressing wipe button buzzer is like more Warning to user
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Make sure led is off
ON); // Make sure led is off
digitalWrite(greenLed, OFF); //
Make sure led is off
// Give some
feedback
feedback
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Wiping 10 sec");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
Serial.println(F("Wipe Button Pressed"));
Serial.println(F("Master Card will be Erased! in 10
seconds"));
bool buttonState =
monitorWipeButton(10000); // Give user enough time to cancel operation
monitorWipeButton(10000); // Give user enough time to cancel operation
if (buttonState ==
true && digitalRead(wipeB) == LOW) {
// If button still be pressed, wipe EEPROM
true && digitalRead(wipeB) == LOW) {
// If button still be pressed, wipe EEPROM
EEPROM.write(1,
0); // Reset Magic
Number.
0); // Reset Magic
Number.
Serial.println(F("Master Card Erased from device"));
Serial.println(F("Please reset to
re-program Master Card"));
re-program Master Card"));
lcd.print("*RESET NOW...");
while (1);
}
Serial.println(F("Master Card Erase Cancelled"));
lcd.print("Wiping Cancelled.");
}
if (programMode) {
cycling(); // Program Mode cycles through
buzzer Green green waiting to read a new card
buzzer Green green waiting to read a new card
}
else {
normalModeOn(); // Normal mode, green Power LED is on, all
others are off
others are off
}
}
while
(!successRead); //the program will not
go further while you are not getting a successful read
(!successRead); //the program will not
go further while you are not getting a successful read
if (programMode) {
if (
isMaster(readCard) ) { //When in program mode check First If master card
scanned again to exit program mode
isMaster(readCard) ) { //When in program mode check First If master card
scanned again to exit program mode
Serial.println(F("Master Card Scanned"));
Serial.println(F("Exiting
Program Mode"));
Program Mode"));
Serial.println(F("-----------------------------"));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Exit
Prog. Mode");
Prog. Mode");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
); // go to the next line
); // go to the next line
programMode = false;
delay(2000);
return;
}
else {
if (
findID(readCard) ) { // If scanned card is known delete it
findID(readCard) ) { // If scanned card is known delete it
Serial.println(F("I know this PICC, removing..."));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Removing Card!");
lcd.setCursor ( 0,
1 );
1 );
deleteID(readCard);
delay(2000);
lcd.print("Scanning...");
Serial.println("-----------------------------");
Serial.println(F("Scan
a PICC to ADD or REMOVE to EEPROM"));
a PICC to ADD or REMOVE to EEPROM"));
}
else { // If scanned card is not
known add it
known add it
Serial.println(F("I do not know this PICC, adding..."));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Adding Card!");
lcd.setCursor ( 0,
1 );
1 );
writeID(readCard);
lcd.print("Scanning...");
Serial.println(F("-----------------------------"));
Serial.println(F("Scan a PICC to ADD or REMOVE to EEPROM"));
}
}
}
else {
if (
isMaster(readCard)) { // If scanned
card's ID matches Master Card's ID - enter program mode
isMaster(readCard)) { // If scanned
card's ID matches Master Card's ID - enter program mode
programMode = true;
Serial.println(F("Hello Master - Entebuzzer Program Mode"));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Hello Admin A*");
lcd.print(char(0));
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
);
);
uint8_t count =
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first Byte
of EEPROM that
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first Byte
of EEPROM that
lcd.print(String(count));
lcd.print("
cards in");
cards in");
Serial.print(F("I have "));
// stores the number of ID's in EEPROM
Serial.print(count);
Serial.print(F(" record(s) on EEPROM"));
Serial.println("");
delay(10000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("*ADD
or REMOVE");
or REMOVE");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1
);
);
lcd.print("Scan
A* to Exit");
A* to Exit");
Serial.println(F("Scan a PICC to ADD or REMOVE to EEPROM"));
Serial.println(F("Scan Master Card again to Exit Program
Mode"));
Serial.println(F("-----------------------------"));
}
else {
if (
findID(readCard) ) { // If not, see if the card is in the EEPROM
findID(readCard) ) { // If not, see if the card is in the EEPROM
Serial.println(F("Welcome, You shall pass"));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("*YOU ARE WELCOME");
// granted(300); // Open the door lock for 300 ms
goooo();
myStepper.step(STEPS_PER_REVOLUTION); // step one revolution in one direction:
delay(500);
myStepper.step(-STEPS_PER_REVOLUTION); // step one revolution in the
other direction:
delay(1000);
}
else { // If not, show that the ID was not valid
Serial.println(F("You shall not pass"));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("*ACCESS DENIED");
// denied();
whooop(); // Run
Alarm on
Alarm on
}
}
}
}
void testing123() {
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Testing
...");
...");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1 );
myStepper.step(STEPS_PER_REVOLUTION); // step one revolution in one direction:
lcd.print("1
");
");
delay(500);
myStepper.step(-STEPS_PER_REVOLUTION); // step one revolution in the
other direction:
lcd.print("2
");
");
delay(1000);
whooop(); // Run Alarm
on
on
lcd.print("3
");
");
lcd.setCursor ( 15, 1 );
lcd.print (char(2));
delay (2000);
lcd.setCursor ( 15, 1 );
lcd.print ( char(1));
delay (2000);
lcd.setCursor ( 15, 1 );
lcd.print ( char(0));
delay (2000);
lcd.print("4
");
");
goooo();
delay (2000);
lcd.print("5
");
");
}
void goooo() {
for (i = 0; i < 255;
i = i + 2)
i = i + 2)
{
analogWrite(greenLed,
i);
i);
analogWrite(Buzz, i);
delay(10);
}
for (i = 255; i > 1;
i = i - 2)
i = i - 2)
{
analogWrite(greenLed,
i);
i);
analogWrite(Buzz, i);
delay(5);
}
for (i = 1; i <= 10;
i++)
i++)
{
analogWrite(greenLed,
255);
255);
analogWrite(Buzz,
200);
200);
delay(100);
analogWrite(greenLed,
0);
0);
analogWrite(Buzz, 25);
delay(100);
}
// pre_val = val;
}
void whooop() {
for (int j = 0; j <
3; j++) {
3; j++) {
// Whoop up
for (int hz = 440; hz
< 1000; hz++) {
< 1000; hz++) {
int light = map(hz,
440, 1000, 0, 255);
440, 1000, 0, 255);
analogWrite(greenLed,
light);
light);
tone(Buzz, hz, 30);
delay(2);
}
noTone(Buzz);
// Whoop down
for (int hz = 1000; hz
> 440; hz--) {
> 440; hz--) {
int light = map(hz,
1000, 440 , 255, 0);
1000, 440 , 255, 0);
analogWrite(greenLed, light);
tone(Buzz, hz, 30);
delay(2);
}
noTone(Buzz);
}
}
void cycling() {
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer LED is off
OFF); // Make sure buzzer LED is off
digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Make sure buzzer LED is off
ON); // Make sure buzzer LED is off
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer LED is on
OFF); // Make sure buzzer LED is on
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
}
bool monitorWipeButton(uint32_t interval) {
uint32_t now =
(uint32_t)millis();
(uint32_t)millis();
while
((uint32_t)millis() - now < interval)
{
((uint32_t)millis() - now < interval)
{
// check on every half
a second
a second
if
(((uint32_t)millis() % 500) == 0) {
(((uint32_t)millis() % 500) == 0) {
if
(digitalRead(wipeB) != LOW)
(digitalRead(wipeB) != LOW)
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Get UID
///////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////
uint8_t getID() {
// Getting ready for
Reading PICCs
Reading PICCs
if ( !
mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) { //If a new PICC placed to RFID reader
continue
mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) { //If a new PICC placed to RFID reader
continue
return 0;
}
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())
{ //Since a PICC placed get Serial and
continue
{ //Since a PICC placed get Serial and
continue
return 0;
}
// There are Mifare
PICCs which have 4 byte or 7 byte UID care if you use 7 byte PICC
PICCs which have 4 byte or 7 byte UID care if you use 7 byte PICC
// I think we should
assume every PICC as they have 4 byte UID
assume every PICC as they have 4 byte UID
// Until we support 7
byte PICCs
byte PICCs
Serial.println(F("Scanned PICC's UID:"));
lcd.clear();
lcd.home (); // go home
lcd.print("Scanned
UID:");
UID:");
lcd.setCursor ( 0, 1 );
for ( uint8_t i = 0; i
< 4; i++) { //
< 4; i++) { //
readCard[i] = mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i];
Serial.print(readCard[i], HEX);
lcd.print(readCard[i],
HEX);
HEX);
}
Serial.println("");
mfrc522.PICC_HaltA(); //
Stop reading
Stop reading
return 1;
}
void normalModeOn () {
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer LED is off
OFF); // Make sure buzzer LED is off
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure Green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure Green LED is off
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Check Bytes ///////////////////////////////////
bool checkTwo ( byte a[], byte b[] ) {
for ( uint8_t k = 0; k
< 4; k++ ) { // Loop 4 times
< 4; k++ ) { // Loop 4 times
if ( a[k] != b[k] )
{ // IF a != b then false, because:
one fails, all fail
{ // IF a != b then false, because:
one fails, all fail
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
////////////////////// Check readCard IF is masterCard ///////////////////////////////////
// Check to see if the ID passed is the master programing card
bool isMaster( byte test[] ) {
return checkTwo(test,
masterCard);
masterCard);
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Find Slot ///////////////////////////////////
uint8_t findIDSLOT( byte find[] ) {
uint8_t count =
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first
Byte of EEPROM that
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first
Byte of EEPROM that
for ( uint8_t i = 1; i
<= count; i++ ) { // Loop once for
each EEPROM entry
<= count; i++ ) { // Loop once for
each EEPROM entry
readID(i); // Read an ID from EEPROM, it
is stobuzzer in stobuzzerCard[4]
is stobuzzer in stobuzzerCard[4]
if ( checkTwo( find, stobuzzerCard ) )
{ // Check to see if the stobuzzerCard
read from EEPROM
{ // Check to see if the stobuzzerCard
read from EEPROM
// is the same as
the find[] ID card passed
the find[] ID card passed
return i; // The slot number of the card
}
}
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Find ID From
EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
bool findID( byte find[] ) {
uint8_t count =
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first
Byte of EEPROM that
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first
Byte of EEPROM that
for ( uint8_t i = 1; i
< count; i++ ) { // Loop once for
each EEPROM entry
< count; i++ ) { // Loop once for
each EEPROM entry
readID(i); // Read an ID from EEPROM, it is
stobuzzer in stobuzzerCard[4]
stobuzzer in stobuzzerCard[4]
if ( checkTwo( find,
stobuzzerCard ) ) { // Check to see if
the stobuzzerCard read from EEPROM
stobuzzerCard ) ) { // Check to see if
the stobuzzerCard read from EEPROM
return true;
}
else { // If not, return false
}
}
return false;
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Remove ID from
EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
void deleteID( byte a[] ) {
if ( !findID( a ) )
{ // Before we delete from the
EEPROM, check to see if we have this card!
{ // Before we delete from the
EEPROM, check to see if we have this card!
failedWrite(); // If not
Serial.println(F("Failed! There is something wrong with ID or bad
EEPROM"));
}
else {
uint8_t num =
EEPROM.read(0); // Get the numer of
used spaces, position 0 stores the number of ID cards
EEPROM.read(0); // Get the numer of
used spaces, position 0 stores the number of ID cards
uint8_t slot; // Figure out the slot number of the
card
card
uint8_t start; // = ( num * 4 ) + 6; // Figure out where
the next slot starts
the next slot starts
uint8_t looping; // The number of times the loop repeats
uint8_t j;
uint8_t count =
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first Byte of EEPROM that stores number of cards
EEPROM.read(0); // Read the first Byte of EEPROM that stores number of cards
slot = findIDSLOT( a
); // Figure out the slot number of the
card to delete
); // Figure out the slot number of the
card to delete
start = (slot * 4) +
2;
2;
looping = ((num -
slot) * 4);
slot) * 4);
num--; // Decrement the counter by one
EEPROM.write( 0, num
); // Write the new count to the
counter
); // Write the new count to the
counter
for ( j = 0; j <
looping; j++ ) { // Loop the card
shift times
looping; j++ ) { // Loop the card
shift times
EEPROM.write( start
+ j, EEPROM.read(start + 4 + j)); //
Shift the array values to 4 places earlier in the EEPROM
+ j, EEPROM.read(start + 4 + j)); //
Shift the array values to 4 places earlier in the EEPROM
}
for ( uint8_t k = 0; k < 4; k++ ) { // Shifting loop
EEPROM.write( start
+ j + k, 0);
+ j + k, 0);
}
successDelete();
Serial.println(F("Succesfully removed ID record from
EEPROM"));
}
}
//////////////////////////////////////// Read an ID from EEPROM
//////////////////////////////
//////////////////////////////
void readID( uint8_t number ) {
uint8_t start = (number
* 4 ) + 2; // Figure out starting
position
* 4 ) + 2; // Figure out starting
position
for ( uint8_t i = 0; i
< 4; i++ ) { // Loop 4 times to
get the 4 Bytes
< 4; i++ ) { // Loop 4 times to
get the 4 Bytes
stobuzzerCard[i] =
EEPROM.read(start + i); // Assign
values read from EEPROM to array
EEPROM.read(start + i); // Assign
values read from EEPROM to array
}
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Add ID to EEPROM ///////////////////////////////////
void writeID( byte a[] ) {
if ( !findID( a ) )
{ // Before we write to the EEPROM,
check to see if we have seen this card before!
{ // Before we write to the EEPROM,
check to see if we have seen this card before!
uint8_t num =
EEPROM.read(0); // Get the numer of
used spaces, position 0 stores the number of ID cards
EEPROM.read(0); // Get the numer of
used spaces, position 0 stores the number of ID cards
uint8_t start = ( num
* 4 ) + 6; // Figure out where the next
slot starts
* 4 ) + 6; // Figure out where the next
slot starts
num++; // Increment the counter by one
EEPROM.write( 0, num
); // Write the new count to the
counter
); // Write the new count to the
counter
for ( uint8_t j = 0; j
< 4; j++ ) { // Loop 4 times
< 4; j++ ) { // Loop 4 times
EEPROM.write( start
+ j, a[j] ); // Write the array values
to EEPROM in the right position
+ j, a[j] ); // Write the array values
to EEPROM in the right position
}
successWrite();
Serial.println(F("Succesfully added ID record to EEPROM"));
}
else {
failedWrite();
Serial.println(F("Failed! There is something wrong with ID or bad
EEPROM"));
}
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Access Granted ///////////////////////////////////
//void granted ( uint16_t setDelay) {
// digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Turn off buzzer LED
OFF); // Turn off buzzer LED
// digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Turn on green LED
ON); // Turn on green LED
// delay(1000); // Hold green LED on for a second
//}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////// Access Denied ///////////////////////////////////
//void denied() {
// digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
// digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Turn on buzzer LED
ON); // Turn on buzzer LED
// delay(1000);
//}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////// Write Failed to
EEPROM ////////////////////////
EEPROM ////////////////////////
// Flashes the buzzer LED 3 times to indicate a failed write to
EEPROM
EEPROM
void failedWrite() {
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz, ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
delay(200);
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Success Remove UID
From EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
From EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
// Flashes the Green LED & Buzzer 3 times to indicate a
success delete to EEPROM
success delete to EEPROM
void successDelete() {
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzeris off
OFF); // Make sure buzzeris off
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is OFF
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is OFF
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is OFF
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is OFF
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(Buzz,
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
ON); // Make sure buzzer is on
digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
}
///////////////////////////////////////// Write Success to
EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
EEPROM
///////////////////////////////////
// Flashes the green LED 3 times to indicate a successful write
to EEPROM
to EEPROM
void successWrite() {
digitalWrite(Buzz,
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
OFF); // Make sure buzzer is off
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is on
OFF); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
digitalWrite(greenLed,
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
OFF); // Make sure green LED is off
delay(200);
digitalWrite(greenLed,
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
ON); // Make sure green LED is on
delay(200);
}
Nice! Arduino RFID simulating simple Access Control system by KABAKA: just a simple RFID Arduino based system to control stepper motor in prototype circuit By KABAKA.
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